I. Introduction Private international law, historically established to resolve cross-border disputes through choice-of-law rules governing jurisdiction and applicable law, currently faces challenges in the era of climate change. Mostly, if not every, environmental damage is a matter of “slow violence” that unfolds diffusely and spreads across borders. Rox Nixon characterised slow violence as an event of gradual, delayed environmental destruction that is “scientifically convol

I. Introduction: When Domestic Penalties Become International Economic Regulation India’s shift from relevant turnover to global turnover is not merely a technical change in domestic competition penalties. Relevant turnover means the turnover attributable only to the goods or services connected with the infringement, the market-linked base the Supreme Court endorsed in Excel Crop Care. Global turnover, by contrast, means the turnover derived from all products and services of